耦合式SCR还原剂供给调节装置及控制技术的研究与应用

阐述了SCR喷氨调节控制常用的方法及存在的问题,提出了一种新型耦合式SCR还原剂供给调节装置及控制技术,并通过电厂实际案例对该调节装置与控制技术进行了说明。研究结果表明:该调节装置及控制技术可使脱硝效率相对稳定、出口NO_x的浓度不超标、喷氨不过量。     

顶空-气相色谱法测定水质中的丙酮和丁酮

本文建立顶空-气相色谱法测定水和废水中的丙酮和丁酮的方法,水样测定结果的相对偏差小于5.0%,加标回收率在91%～103%之间,最低检出浓度0.006 mg.L-1。该方法简便,灵敏度更高,重现性好,线性范围宽,精密度和准确度满意,尤其是避免了消耗大量有机试剂,避免二次污染。旨在为实验分析人员提供技术参考依据。     

聚氨酯-水泥带压注水封孔测压技术研究

基于传统上向钻孔测压技术的分析,提出一种新型上向孔测压技术—聚氨酯—水泥带压注水封孔测压技术。该技术利用气体渗透性大于液体的弱点,变传统封堵漏气通道为封堵液体泄漏通道,降低封堵漏气难易程度,提高测压成功率;同时利用水作为动力介质和辅助封孔材料,实现主动测压和钻孔带压注浆,隔绝钻孔瓦斯与外界环境的直接接触,提高系统本身测压的可靠性。通过理论分析及与常用测压技术对比表明,该技术用于煤层瓦斯压力测定是完全可行的。     

An extension of Multiple Greek Letter method for common cause failures modelling

Common cause failure describes a condition where several components share the same source of failure that causes them to fail or become unavailable simultaneously. The objective of this paper is to present an improved approach to common cause failure modelling within reliability analyses. The currently used methods allow one component to share common characteristics with only one group of components, which may be affected by the same source of failure. Therefore, an improved method was developed, where components can be assigned to several groups of components that are susceptible to faulty operation with respect to their similar characteristics. A mathematical derivation of the method is presented and the theory is applied to smaller theoretical samples and to a simplified real example. The results show that the new method enables a more detailed reliability analysis. The results prove that consideration of common cause failures using the improved method may decrease the system reliability compared to traditional common cause failure consideration. The system reliability decreases more, if the redundant components have more similarities and are therefore assigned to several common cause failure groups.     

Genotoxic effects of two different classes of insecticide in developing chick embryos

Pesticides provide considerable protection against pest population; however, rampant accumulation of these chemicals into varied habitats across the globe necessitates the need for a careful screening of each chemical due to toxic manifestations. In the current study, the genotoxic potential of two different classes of commercial insecticides – chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin combination and Spinosad, a naturalyte were compared. Rhode Island Red chick embryos were exposed to different doses of either of these insecticides individually, by in ovo treatment. Genotoxicity was then evaluated through micronucleus (MN) test and Comet assay. The combination insecticide exposure at low doses of 0.05 and 0.1 μg/egg induced DNA damage as evidenced by an increased tail moment in the Comet assay. Further, the presence of micronucleated erythrocytes and also various abnormal cells including dacryocytes, microcytes, erythroplastids, squashed/notched nuclei, and spindle-shaped erythrocytes in the blood smear consolidates indicate the presence of insecticide-induced genotoxicity. Spinosad, however, was found only mildly genotoxic but at a high dose of 1.5 mg/egg. The results indicate that usage of naturalyte insecticide may be a better option to minimize the harmful effects of chemical insecticides.     

不同喷油策略对柴油-四氢呋喃混合燃料燃烧和排放的影响

为了解决环境污染和能源短缺等问题,本研究针对四氢呋喃作为一种含氧替代燃料展开研究.在一台六缸增压柴油机上开展了不同喷油策略下四氢呋喃和柴油混合燃料对柴油机燃烧和排放的影响研究,所用3种燃料分别为：纯柴油、5%四氢呋喃和95%柴油、15%四氢呋喃和85%柴油混合燃料（混合比例均为体积比）,以原机国六脉谱图为基准调节主喷时刻和喷油压力.结果表明,添加5%四氢呋喃使燃油消耗率增加,有效热效率降低,当加入15%四氢呋喃后燃油消耗率进一步升高,有效热效率相比于添加5%四氢呋喃有一定程度改善,但仍低于纯柴油燃料;当喷油压力高于100 MPa时,混合燃料的燃油消耗率和有效热效率随喷油压力的提高基本保持不变.四氢呋喃加入使小负荷下NO_x、CO和HC排放增加;大负荷下使NO_x排放增加,CO和HC排放逐渐降低,各工况下的碳烟排放均降低.由此可见,柴油-四氢呋喃混合燃料的有效热效率相比于纯柴油降低了1%~2%,加入四氢呋喃可有效降低碳烟排放和改善部分工况下的气体污染物排放.     

汽油车技术发展对尾气排放影响研究进展

近年来,汽油车尾气排放已成为城市大气污染的主要来源之一.为减少油耗、温室气体和大气污染物的排放,汽油直喷技术(GDI)、醇类燃料替代以及混合动力系统等新兴技术被应用到汽车产品中,该研究对GDI发动机汽车、醇类燃料车和混合动力车的颗粒物(PM)、氮氧化物(NO_x)、总碳氢化合物(THC)的排放研究进行梳理和总结,综合评估先进动力技术和醇类燃料的环境影响.结果表明:GDI汽油车的PM排放因子为进气道喷射(PFI)汽油车的1.2~5倍,加装汽油颗粒物捕集器(GPF)后GDI汽油车的PM排放大幅下降,同时具备催化能力的GPF可减少NO_x和THC排放.与汽油车相比,乙醇燃料车PM排放量减少了35%~56%,尾气THC排放减少了10%~44%,但挥发性有机物(VOCs)蒸发排放增加了20%~41%,其主要来自于日呼吸损失.各类型车辆的NO_x排放差异较小,比较结果存在一定的不确定性.混合动力车相比传统内燃机汽车污染物减排优势明显,可积极推广其在公共交通和私家车队中的应用.建议今后研究应着重关注以下几个方面:①GDI和混合动力车在实际条件下排放污染物的环境影响;②醇类燃料车VOCs蒸发排放控制技术及相关法规标准的完善;③新兴技术汽油车排放污染物的生成机理及其影响因素.      

稠油热采注汽锅炉节能减排措施实践

提高注汽锅炉系统热率是节能降耗、降本增效的主要挖潜方向。为此开展了一系列节能技术的研究,先后开展了热管空气换热器、高温辐射涂料的节能、硬度在线检测、对流段翅片管硬垢清洗技术的推广应用,通过这些技术的实施应用,取得一定的社会效益和经济效益。     

CO2注气压力对CH4驱替特性影响实验研究*

为研究CO2驱替CH4过程中注气压力对气体解吸特性的影响,采用自主搭建的驱替实验平台,在0.6,0.8,1.0 MPa不同注气压力下进行驱替实验,研究CO2驱替CH4过程中煤层温度、气体浓度、置换效率和渗透率等变化规律。实验结果表明:提高CO2注气压力可提高CO2置换驱替煤层CH4的效果。随着注气压力增大,CH4累计解吸量增大,CO2突破时间越短,CO2封存量越大,置换效率升高,驱替比下降。注气压力为0.6,0.8,1.0 MPa时,CH4累计解吸量分别为90.2,94.1,97.8 L;CO2封存量分别为19.73,19.92,20.21 mL/g;置换效率由76.9%上升到80.2%再到82.9%,驱替比由3.28下降到3.17再到3.09。注气驱替CH4过程中煤层温度升高,可分为低速升温、高速升温和趋于平缓阶段。煤层温度最高变化量分别为9.4,11.5,12.7 ℃。同一注气压力下,煤层渗透率变化可分为缓慢增长、急剧下降和趋于稳定阶段。     

注水残渣固化修路技术研究

针对注水残渣含碱量大,盐、油及其它杂质含量高,处理困难等特点,研究出注水残渣固化修路工艺技术。注水残渣固化后,既消除了污染源,保护了周围环境的土壤及地下水资源,又减少了土地占用面积,从而取得了显著的经济效益。